Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Verma et al. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd 1996;93:46938. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. 2008;29:52738. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Trends Cell Biol. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Cancer Res. 2002;57:2702. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. 2014;12:75. 2003;41:26887. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. 2003;140:147. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. 1992;6:379. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). 2013;32:27380. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Biomed Environ Sci. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Biochem J. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. 2015;140:23646. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. 2000;11:4135. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2003;80:177. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . PubMed The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Wang Q, Cao Z. Bioelectromagnetics. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Article [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. 2006;5:389. However, Li et al. 2000;11:16413. 2006;165:63644. Wang et al. Neuroreport. Bioelectromagnetics. J Radiat Proc. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Am J Epidemiol. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2015;51:15865. 2006;27:16471. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2011;35:36978. Gene. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. PubMed Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2002;13:11921. statement and Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. PubMedGoogle Scholar. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2013;89:11007. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 1999;75:44756. 2008;49:16370. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;80:194210. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. 1996;180:917. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. By using this website, you agree to our The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 1993;13:41322. Behav Brain Res. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. millimeter, or equivalently. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Synapse. 2004;115:1490505. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Radiat Res. Sci Total Environ. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Article [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Mortazavi et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. Sanders AP, Joines WT. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Neurotoxicology. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Neuroreport. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. J Sleep Res. & Hu, XJ. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Google Scholar. PubMed Central J Neurosci Methods. Surg Neurol. 2015;36:4804. Cell Biochem Biophys. PubMed 2010;2010. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. 2009;27:556572. 2013;34:58998. 2005;130:591600. JAMA. 2009;64:2314. 2014;70:84555. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Abe M, Bonini NM. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Zhao et al. 2004;155:3743. Yale J Biol Med. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. 1997;44:99104. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Clin Neurophysiol. Article Mol Neurobiol. 1990;39:13543. Joubert et al. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2012;31:25074. Richter et al. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Brain Res. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Physiol Behav. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2005;1042:1018. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2008;169:3845. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Ning et al. Merola et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Privacy 2004;23:20114. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. J Natl Cancer Inst. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2007;34:146779. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2016;53:210011. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 1999;9:3438. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. 2012;35:32534. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2012;62:22336. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz.
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